Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality of The Paranhana River, Southern Brazil

Abstract: The Paranhana River, located in Southern Brazil, is one of the major tributaries of the Sinos River basin and receives mainly industrial and domestic effluents. In the present study, water physicochemical and microbiological analyses, condition factor, micronucleus test, gill histopathology and metal bioaccumulation in the muscle of the native fish Bryconamericus iheringii collected at two sites (S1 and S2) of the Paranhana River under different degrees of anthropogenic pressures were assessed in four sampling campaigns. Data from water quality parameters, condition factor, mucous cells proliferation in fish gills and bioaccumulation of chromium and manganese in muscle evidenced higher impacts at S2, whereas a higher genotoxic potential was observed at S1. Gill histopathological alterations were found in fish captured at both sampling sites. Temporal variations in all biomarkers analyzed and bioaccumulation of manganese and nickel were observed at S1, whereas only variations in condition factor, gill alterations and bioaccumulation of manganese and aluminum were found at S2. Our study evidences that S1 is under minor anthropogenic impacts and that the high urbanization at S2 reflects in a poor water quality. Nonetheless, the human consumption of fish from the Paranhana River should be avoided given the high concentrations of cadmium, chromium and lead.

ERK 1/2 activation does not contribute to increased survival mediated by bone marrow cells after 90% partial hepatectomy in Wistar rats

We investigated the influence of bone marrow cells upon activation of ERK 1/2 in an animal model of 90% PH. Phosphorylated ERK 1/2 was evaluated by western blot. No differences were found between the groups. Thus, increased survival does not appear to be mediated by ERK 1/2 activation (AU)

Potencial mutagênico do fungicida Mancozebe em Astyanax jacuhiensis (Teleostei: Characidae) / Mutagenic potential of the fungicide Mancozeb in Astyanax jacuhiensis (Teleostei: Characidae)

O Mancozebe é um fungicida etilenobisditiocarbamato (EBDC) amplamente utilizado, cujos efeitos tóxicos já foram estudados em diversas espécies. No entanto, até o momento nenhum estudo avaliou o potencial mutagênico deste agrotóxico em peixes. Os efeitos mutagênicos de uma exposição aguda (120 h) a quatro diferentes concentrações (0,3 mg/L, 0,7 mg/L, 1,5mg/L e 2,5 mg/L) de uma formulação comercial à base de Mancozebe foram avaliados através do teste do micronúcleo (MN) e da ocorrência de anormalidades nucleares (AN) nos eritrócitos da espécie Astyanax jacuhiensis. Para a determinação das freqüências de MN e AN, foram analisadas 2000 células por animal. Os resultados não demonstraram diferenças significativas (P≥0,05) na freqüência de micronúcleos e anormalidades nucleares entre o grupo controle e os quatro tratamentos à base de Mancozebe, indicando que este fungicida não apresenta evidências de genotoxicidade em peixes da espécie Astyanax jacuhiensis, quando expostos às concentrações testadas neste trabalho.

Mancozeb, a widely used ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide, has been studied for its toxic effects on several species. However, no study has evaluated the genotoxic potential of this agrochemical in fish. Therefore, the mutagenic effects of an acute exposure (120 h) in aquarium to four different concentrations (0,3 mg/L, 0,7 mg/L, 1,5mg/L and 2,5 mg/L) of a Mancozeb commercial formulation were evaluated using the micronucleus (MN) test and the analysis of nuclear abnormalities (NA) in Astyanax jacuhiensis erythrocytes. To determine the frequencies of MN and NA, 2000 cells per fish were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences (P≥0.05) in the micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities frequencies between the control group and the four groups treated with Mancozeb, indicating that this fungicide does not present evidence for genotoxicity on Astyanax jacuhiensis, when exposed to the concentrations tested in this work.

Composição e distribuição vertical de pteridófitas epifíticas sobre Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Dicksoniaceae), em floresta ombrófila mista no sul do Brasil / Composition and vertical distribution of epiphytic pteridophytes on Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Dicksoniaceae), in mixed ombrophylous forest in Southern Brazil

A extração ilegal de Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., uma espécie de samambaia arborescente, da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no sul do Brasil, modifica a estrutura da vegetação e reduz a disponibilidade de microhabitats para espécies epifíticas. A composição e a distribuição vertical de pteridófitas epifíticas foram estudadas sobre D. sellowiana. O estudo foi desenvolvido em área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, do Parque Municipal da Ronda, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram selecionados 164 forófitos e seus cáudices foram divididos em intervalos de 1 m, a partir do solo. Em cada intervalo, foi registrada a ocorrência de espécies de pteridófitas e foi calculada a freqüência por forófitos e por intervalos. Foram registradas 20 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros e sete famílias, sendo que houve o predomínio de holoepífitos habituais. A maior riqueza específica foi encontrada em Aspleniaceae (6) e no gênero Asplenium L. (6). As espécies com maior freqüência relativa nos forófitos foram Trichomanes angustatum Carmich., Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger e Vittaria lineata (L.) Sm.. Considerando uma sub-amostra de 60 forófitos, T. angustatum e B. binervatum apresentaram freqüência decrescente de ocorrência a partir do solo até 4 m de altura. A riqueza média foi maior nos três primeiros intervalos. A riqueza encontrada sobre os cáudices de D. sellowiana representa 67 por cento do total de pteridófitas epifíticas encontradas na área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no Parque Municipal da Ronda e demonstra a importância dessa planta hospedeira para a manutenção de espécies epifíticas, no ambiente florestal.

Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., a tree fern species, is illegally extracted from the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest of southern Brazil, what changes the vegetation structure and reduces the availability of micro-habitats for epiphytic species. The composition and the vertical distribution of epiphytic pteridophytes were studied on D. sellowiana. The study was carried out in a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest area, at the Parque Municipal da Ronda in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. One hundred and sixty four phorophytes were selected and their caudices were divided at intervals of 1 m, from the ground. At each interval the occurrence of pteridophyte species was recorded, and the frequency by phorophyte and by interval was calculated. Twenty species were recorded, from 13 genera and seven families, and habitual holoephiphytes predominated. The largest specific richness was found in Aspleniaceae (6) and in the Asplenium L. genus (6). The species with the highest relative frequency on the phorophytes were Trichomanes angustatum Carmich., Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger and Vittaria lineata (L.) Sm.. Considering a sub-sample of 60 phorophytes, T. angustatum and B. binervatum had decreasing frequency of occurrence from the ground up to 4 m. The average richness was higher in the first three intervals. The richness found over the caudices of D. sellowiana represented 67 percent of the total epiphytic pteridophytes found in Mixed Ombrophylous Forest area, at the Parque Municipal da Ronda and this shows the importance of this host plant for the maintenance of epiphytic species in the forest environment.

Chromosomal inversion polymorphism in Drosophila mediopunctata: seasonal, altitudinal, and latitudinal variation

The most polymorphic chromosome for inversions in Drosophila mediopunctata is the chromosome II, where 17 inversions have been found, eight of which occurring in the distal region and nine in the proximal region. We present an analysis of the chromosome II inversion polymorphism with respect to seasonal, altitudinal and latitudinal variation. In D. mediopunctata from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (southeastern Brazil), the frequencies of three of the distal inversions (namely DA, DS, and DP) vary seasonally. These inversions also show altitudinal clines in their frequencies. This microgeographic pattern was not observed on a macrogeographic scale. D. mediopunctata from Porto Alegre are less polymorphic for inversions than other populations, the most remarkable reduction occurring in the proximal region of chromosome II. There is a considerable difference between D. mediopunctata from Campinas and specimens from Serra do Japi, which are separated by only 50 km. In contrast, D. mediopunctata from Serra do Japi are much more similar to specimens from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, which is 200 km far.